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Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Influences of urban densities on transport-related energy consumption for 32 cities by Lefèvre, 2009 – Licensed under: Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0)

Figure 1.2 United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030). From “UN adopts new Global Goals, charting sustainable development for people and planet by 2030,” by United Nations, 2015 (https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/509732). Copyrighted!

Figure 1.3 Sustainable transport impacts on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). From “SustainableTransport impacts the achievement of the sustainable development goals,” by United Nations ESCAP , 2016 (https://x.com/UNESCAP/status/802013948706816000). Copyrighted!

Figure 1.4 Top 10 CO2 emitters worldwide and status of the Paris Agreement, Source: Source: Statista.com, 2016, Licensed Under: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Figure 1.5 Top 10 GHG emitters by country and sector, Source: World Resource Institute, Licensed under: Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0)

Figure 1.6 Top 10 GHG emitters by country and sector, Source: World Resource Institute, Licensed under: Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0)

Figure 1.7 Total U.S. GHG emissions by economic sectors in 2019, Source: U.S. EPA, 2019, Licensed under: Public Domain, https://opensource.org/node/878

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Informal transportation in the Global South, A: “Tuk-Tuk” by twice-pix is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. B: “Traffic in Kolkata” by Arne Hückelheim is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. C: “File:2013 07 AMISOM Kismayo 002 (9342716778).jpg” by AMISOM Public Information is marked with CC0 1.0. D: “Tuk-tuks” by Christopher Crouzet is licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Initial downtown congestion pricing (DCP) implemented in Singapore in 1975, Source: FHWA, 2021, Licensed under: Public Domain, https://opensource.org/node/878

Figure 4.2 CC Program in London, Road Signs, and Pavements, Source: Smif 2009; Mariordo 2012; Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Figure 4.3 Stockholm Congestion Charging Scheme infrastructure, Source: Mike 2007; Halldin 2006; Licensed under:  CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Gasoline consumption different increase rates (1984-1993). Adapted from Eskeland and Feyziougli (1997).

Figure 5.2 A timeline showing the significant Hoy No Circula policy changes.

Figure 5.3 The effect of driving restrictions on air quality. Adapted from Davis, 2008.

Figure 5.4 New and exempt cars on Mexico City metro area roads. Photos by authors taken in Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mexico, August 2020.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Giant Commercial Parking, Source: (Antonio Silveira 2010), Licensed under:  CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Figure 6.2  Informal Parking in (a) developed country, (b) developing country, Source: (Ingle 2012; Mallis 2020), Licensed under:  CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1  Average cost per kilometer of new HSR infrastructure. Notes: S ¼ Lines in Service; C ¼ Lines under Construction (2006), Source: HSR Database. They are elaborated from UIC (2005b). Data exclude planning and land costs. Source: Campos & de Rus, 2009.

Figure 7.2 Overview of E.U. co-funding for HSR by member states between 2000 and 2017. (Source: European Court of Auditors, 2018)

Figure 7.3 The conventional and HSR network in China by speed Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China, Licensed under: Public Domain, https://opensource.org/node/878

Figure 7.4 California HSR system implementation and stations by phase, Source: hsr.ca.gov, 2021 – California High-Speed Rail Authority, Licensed under: Public Domain, https://opensource.org/node/878

Figure 7.5 California HSR project status, April 2021, Source: Shannon1 – Own work, Licensed under: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.

Figure 7.6 Door-to-door travel time between downtown San Francisco and downtown Los Angeles by mode.
Source: https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet-high-speed-rail-development-worldwide.

Figure 7.7 Energy and emissions lifecycle results per PKT for each mode, Source: Chester & Horvath, 2010.

Figure 7.8 End-use energy consumption and GHG emission passenger equivalencies. Source: Chester & Horvath, 2010.

Figure 7.9 Analysis of cumulative energy demand for (a) infrastructure; and (b) vehicle. Source: Chipindula et al., 2021.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Total infrastructure costs ($m) per kilometer (2006), Source: Hensher & Golob, 2008.

Figure 8.2 Peak ridership (2006), Source: Hensher & Golob, 2008.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Modal share of urban trips in the City of Copenhagen Source: Adapted from Gössling, 2013.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Life-Cycle Assessment. A comprehensive environmental impact assessment to evaluate residential land use and transportation systems. Adapted from “A comprehensive assessment of the life cycle energy demand of passive houses” by Stephan, A., Crawford, R. H., & De Myttenaere, K., 2011, Applied energy, 112, 23-34, p.25, Copyright by 2013 Elsevier Ltd.