Image Credits
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Chapter 1
- Figure 1.1 – “Renewed Electric growth after years of stagnation presents challenges” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 1.2 – “Data Centers represent large loads on the electric grid” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 1.3 – “Power readings from an at-scale training job on DGX-H100 racks” from Power Stabilization for AI Training Datacenters by Esha Choukse, et al. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
Chapter 2
- Figure 2.1 – “Sub Stations for Interconnections are essential parts of the electric utility grid” by Chris Boyer, Willian Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities.
- Figure 2.2 – “Types of large load power changes and corresponding grid controls at different timescales” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 2.3 – [No Title] from ERCOT Large Load Oscillation Event PowerPoint by Patrick Gravois. Licensed under Public Domain CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 2.4 – “Emissions Intensity from Electric Generation in the US in Decreasing” created by Chris Boyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, using data from “U.S. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2024” (May 29, 2025) by EIA, licensed under Public Domain CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 2.5 – “Historical and forecasted rise in electric delivery charges” by Chris Boyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, using data from “Wholesale Electricity and Natural Gas Market Data” by EIA (November 13, 2025) and “Major U.S. utilities spending more on electricity delivery, less on power production” by Lori Aniti, EIA (November 23, 2021), both licensed under Public Domain CC0 1.0 Universal.
Chapter 3
- Figure 3.1 – “Hybrid plants combine generation technologies, such as wind turbines and natural gas turbines” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 3.2 – “General Large Generator Interconnection Process” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
Chapter 4
- Figure 4.1 – “Layout of Emergency Diesel Generators for a Data Center” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 4.2 – “Rise and volatility of U.S. Diesel Fuel Retail Prices” by Chris Boyer, under license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, using data from “Petroleum & Other Liquids” by EIA, licensed under Public Domain CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 4.3 – “LCOE Breakdown of Diesel Generators. Low-end costs, high utilization case” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 4.4 – “LCOE of Diesel Generator Systems as a Function of Utilization and Fuel Cost” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
Chapter 5
- Figure 5.1 – “Image of a (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine) Natural Gas Power Plant” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 5.2 – “Turbine inspection during a 5 year refurbishment” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: Microsoft CoPilot (https://copilot.microsoft.com/). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 5.3 – “Steam visible from natural gas emissions stack” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 5.5 – “LCOE breakdown for Combined Cycle Gas Turbines. Low-end cost, high utilization case” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 5.6 – “LCOE versus utilization at different Fuel Costs for the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine facility” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
Chapter 6
- Figure 6.1 – “Representation of Solar PV and Wind Turbine Farm” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 6.2 – “U.S. Annual Solar GHI” by NREL (https://www.nrel.gov/gis/solar-resource-maps). Licensed under Public Domain CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 6.3 – “Wind Resource of the United States: Annual Average Wind Speed at 100 Meter above the Surface Level” by Billy J. Roberts, NREL (Sept. 18, 2017). Source: Wind Resource Maps and Data. Licensed under Public Domain CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 6.4 – “Solar PV Energy LCOE ($/MWh) vs Capacity Factor (%)” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 6.5 – “Wind Energy LCOE ($/MWh) vs. Capacity Factor (%)” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 6.6 – “LCOE Breakdown for Solar PV with low-end cost, high-capacity factor” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 6.7 – “LCOE Breakdown for Onshore Wind with low-end cost, high-capacity factor” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
Chapter 7
- Figure 7.1 – “Battery Energy Storage System supporting large load” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com).
- Figure 7.2 – “LCOE breakdown for a typical BESS system” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 7.3 – “BESS LCOE decreasing as frequency of use increases” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 7.4 – “LCOE optimum with BESS system duration” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
Chapter 8
- Figure 8.1 – “Geothermal Power Plant with large load in the background” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 8.2 – “Types of well bores for extracting heat at depth” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 8.3 – “Geothermal Resources of the United States” by U.S. Department of Energy. Source: Geothermal (https://www.energy.gov/indianenergy/tribal-energy-guide/geothermal.) Licensed under Public Domain CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 8.4 – “Geothermal LCOE breakdown based on a typical cost and utilization case” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 8.5 – “Geothermal LCOE as a function of Utilization, with and without incentives” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 8.6 – “Geothermal LCOE as function of Hot Reservoir Temperature” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
Chapter 9
- Figure 9.1 – “Layout of a proposed Small Nuclear Reactor with Data Center” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 9.2 – “LCOE breakdown for SMR Generators” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 9.3 – “LCOE ($/MWh) vs Capacity Factor with or without Credits” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
Chapter 10
- Figure 10.1 – “Biomass Power Plant” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 10.2 – “Coal Power Plant” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 10.3 – “The decline of coal for electric consumption” by Chris Boyer, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, using data from “Short-Term Energy Outlook Data Browser” by EIA (Nov. 12, 2025). Source: (https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/data/browser/ ), licensed under Public Domain CC0 1.0.
- Figure 10.4 – “Fuel Cell Station” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 10.5 – “Hydrothermal Power Plant” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
Chapter 11
- Figure 11.1 – “Hybrid generators offer economical and reliable power supply solutions” by Chris Boyer. Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International.
- Figure 11.2 – “Example of a Hybrid Wind, Solar, and BESS Solution” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 11.3 – “Hybrid Natural Gas, Solar and BESS Solution” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 11.4 – “Layout of a SMR and BESS Powered Data Center” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
- Figure 11.5 – “Geothermal Plan and BESS for a Data Center” by Chris Boyer, William Bourgeois, and Skyler Bryant using AI image generator: ChatGPT (https://www.chatgpt.com). Source: Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities. Licensed under CC0 1.0 Universal.
