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INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION LAND-USE MODELING

Figure 1.1- Integrated Modeling: General Schematic Flow Chart  – adapted from Southworth, 1995  – Copyrighted

Figure 1.2- Mobility and Accessibility  – By  FHWA – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 1.3- General Categories of Environmental Externalities  – By  Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020) – Licensed under The material, such as maps and figures, can be freely used for educational purposes, such as for classroom presentations, as long as it is not redistributed to the public

Figure 1.4- The Relationship between Transportation, Activity and Urban Structure  – By  Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020) – Licensed under The material, such as maps and figures, can be freely used for educational purposes, such as for classroom presentations, as long as it is not redistributed to the public

A BRIEF HISTORY OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND KEY ISSUES ABSTRACT

Figure 2.1- The boundaries of the ancient city were limited by transportation technology  – By  David Rumsey Map Collection at Stanford University Libraries – Licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Figure 2.2- Paris city limits with transportation network  – By  David Rumsey Map Collection at Stanford University Libraries – Licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Figure 2.3- London as a rail city  – By  David Rumsey Map Collection at Stanford University Libraries – Licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Figure 2.4- City of Chicago boundary after introduction of streetcars and rail networks  – By  David Rumsey Map Collection at Stanford University Libraries – Licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Figure 2.5- Motor vehicle registrations, fuel consumption, user taxes, and highway expenditures  – By  Department of Commerce – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 2.6- Atlanta City boundary compared to other historic cities  – By  David Rumsey Map Collection at Stanford University Libraries – Licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Figure 2.7- Gasoline price from 1929 to 2011  – By  Department of Energy – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

An Overview of the Integrated Land-Use Transportation Modeling Process

Figure 3.1- the relationship between land use and transportation  – By  Pavlovic et al., 2022 – Licensed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Figure 3.2-The component of the transportation system interacting with land use – by – Wegener, 2004 – Copyrighted

Figure 3.3 The Transportation-Land Use short- and long-term Interactions – by –Miller and Soberman, 2003 – Copyrighted

Figure 3.4- Iterative land use/transportation modeling  – By  Travel Forecasting Resource – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 3.5- Components of transportation and land use systems  – By  Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020) – Licensed under The material, such as maps and figures, can be freely used for educational purposes, such as for classroom presentations, as long as it is not redistributed to the public

Figure 3.6- Transportation/land-use evaluation criteria  – By  Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020) – Licensed under The material, such as maps and figures, can be freely used for educational purposes, such as for classroom presentations, as long as it is not redistributed to the public

Figure 3.7- Models application for environmental impact assessment. From “Overview of Land Use Transport Models,” by M. Weneger, in Hensher, D.A., Button, K.J., Haynes, K.E. and Stopher, P.R. (Ed.) Handbook of Transport Geography and Spatial Systems (Vol. 5, pp. 127-146), 2004, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley. Copyright by Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Figure 3.8- Von Thunen Model  – By  Sharma, Sharma, & Kumar, 2011 – Licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)

Figure 3.9- Concentric zones of Burgess Model  – By  Mandich, 2019 – Licensed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Figure 3.10- Hoyt Sector Land-use Model  – By  Wikimedia Commons – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 3.11- Multiple Nuclei Model of Harris and Ullman  – By  Track2Training – Licensed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Figure 3.12- Chronological development of land/transportation models  – By  Iacono, M., Levinson, D., El-Geneidy, A., Wasfi, R., & Zhu, S. (2008) – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Urban Form and Land Use – Transportation Interactions

Figure 4.1- The relationship between land use and transportation  – By  M. Pavlovic et al. (2022) – Licensed under The material, such as maps and figures, can be freely used for educational purposes, such as for classroom presentations, as long as it is not redistributed to the public

Figure 4.2- Urban spatial structures according to agglomeration  – By  Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020) – Licensed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Figure 4.3- Relationship between land-use and various trip purposes  – By  Jean-Paul Rodrigue (2020) – Licensed under The material, such as maps and figures, can be freely used for educational purposes, such as for classroom presentations, as long as it is not redistributed to the public

Figure 4.4- Trip patterns within various urban structures  – By Lefèvre, B, 2009; Bertaud, 2001 – Licensed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Figure 4.5- Employment accessibility analysis with regard to job matching and competition  – By  Pan, Jin, & Liu, 2020 – Created by Author

Figure 4.6- Employment accessibility by TAZ by job seekrs by commuting modes  – By  Pan, Jin, & Liu, 2020 – Created by Author

Figure 4.7- Employment accessibility by different modes for below poverty people  – By  Pan, Jin, & Liu, 2020 – Created by Author

Figure 4.8- Employment accessibility by education attainment  – By  Pan, Jin, & Liu, 2020 – Created by Author

Figure 4.9- Employment accessibility by education attainment  – By  Pan, Jin, & Liu, 2020 – Created by Author

Figure 4.10- The difference of employment accessibility between transit job seekers with associate’s degree or above and those with high school degreeor lower in multiple commuting modes  – By  Pan, Jin, & Liu, 2020 – Created by Author

Land-Use and Transportation Modeling I: Land-Use Analysis

Figure 5.2- The procedure and the steps of LSA– By Loi Kim Nguyen, 2010- Under Free License

Figure 5.3- The procedure and the steps of LSA– By Luan et al., 2021– Licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Figure 5.4- A two step one-to-one example by GISGeography.com- Under Free License

Figure 5.5- A two step one-to-one example by GISGeography.com- Under Free License

Figure 5.6-Types of relationships between tables for joining information – by – Bansal & Pal, 2005 – Copyrighted

Land-Use and Transportation Modeling II: Lowry Model

Figure 6.1- The Evolution of Land-use/Transportation Modeling Framework. Adapted from “ Models of Transportation and Land Use Change: A Guide to the Territory” by M. Iacono, D. Levinson, A. El-Geneidy, 2007, Journal of Planning Literature, 22. P.3. Copyright 2008 by SAGE Publications.

Figure 6.2- The Iterative Process in Lowry Model for Landuse Pattern Determination  –  By  Wikimedia Commons (Levinson, 2008)  – Licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Figure 6.3- The Iterative Process in Lowry Model for Land use Pattern Determination. From Fundamentals of Transportation (p. 40), by Levinson, D., Liu, H. , Garrison, W., Danczyk, A. , Corbett, M. , & Dixon. Wikimedia. CC-BY-SA

Figure 6.4- General Steps of Land-use Allocation in the Lowry Model. Figure created by Authors.

Land-Use and Transportation Modeling III: Southern California Planning Model (SCPM)

Figure 7.1 – Average annual 24-hour rainfall in Los Angles Region over last 70 years – by – Moore et al., 2004

Figure 7.2 – SCPM 2 Flowchart – by – Pan, 2015 – By Author

Figure 7.3 – The framework for SCPM 2 (for Hurricane Ike in Houston Region) – by – Pan, 2015 – By Author

Figure 7.4 – Total loss from Hurricane Ike in Houston Region – by – Pan, 2015 – By Author

Land-Use and Transportation Modeling IV: MEPLAN, TRANUS, TELUM, and PECAS

Figure 8.1- The Interaction between Modules in MEPLAN – Adopted from – Echenique et al., 1990 – Copyrighted

Figure 8.2 – TRANUS Modeling Framework – Adopted Briassoulis, 2019 – Copyrighted

Figure 8.3- TRANUS Model Procedure Between Two Sub-models – By Modelistica, 2005  By Licensed under Creative Commons (CC)

Figure 8.4- TRANUS Model Procedure Between Two Sub-models – By Modelistica, 2005  By Licensed under Creative Commons (CC)

Figure 8.5- Schematic Structure of TELUM  – By  North Carolina Department of Transportation – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 8.6 – TELUM Modeling Process – Adopted Briassoulis, 2019 – Copyrighted

Figure 8.7 – PECAS Model Structure Adopted from Hunt and Abraham 2005 – Copyrighted

Introduction to Transportation Modeling: Travel Demand Modeling and Data Collection

Figure 9.1- Sequential process of transportation planning  By Beimborn & Kennedy, 1996 – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 9.2- Land use and transportation network different patterns. Adapted from “Taking the Guesswork out of Designing for Walkability” by Xiongbing, J,  Grammenos, F., 2013, (https://www.planetizen.com/node/63248).

Figure 9.3- Land use and transportation network different pattern – Adapted from  Planetizan 2013– Copyrighted

Figure 9.4- The Manheim/Florian Transportation Systems Analysis Framework – by McNally, 2007 – Copyrighted

Figure 9.4- A Sample of Hierarchy of Mode Choice Alternatives. Note. Figure Created by authors.

First Step of Four Step Modeling (Trip Generation)

Figure 10.1- Four-step travel demand model framework. Figure created by authors.

Figure 10.2- FSM and activity-based modeling framework for different trip purposes  By Whitney, 2019 – Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Figure 10.3- Income category curve.

Figure 10.4- Income and auto ownership curves.

Figure 10.5- Trip rates curves by income and auto ownership.

Figure 10.6- Trip Purpose and income curve.

Second Step of Four Step Modeling (Trip Distribution)

Figure 11.1- Trip distribution inputs and outputs – By  NHI, 2005 – Free for Educational purposes

Figure 11.2- Friction factor distribution by trip purpose – By  Lincoln Metropolitan Planning Organization, 2011 – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 11.3- Mean number of trips by purpose and age group – By  By  FHWA, 2022 – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 11.4- Schematic Orientation of Trip Generation zone and Trip Attracting Zones.

Figure 11.5- Final Results.

Third Step of Four Step Modeling (Mode Choice Models)

Figure 12.1- Transit Users Curve By Levinson et al., 2014 – Licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-SA 2.0)

Figure 12.2- Hierarchy of Transportation Mode Choice & Influential Factors By FHWA, 2012  – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 12.3- Ridership in Millions and Population Density By FHWA, 2015  – Licensed under Creative Commons Zero (CC0) (Public Domain)

Figure 12.5- Transit Mode Split and Urban Travel Factor Curve  By Barraj & Attalah, 2018 – Licensed under Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Figure 12.6- Trip Interchange Model Integrated with FSM. Note. Figure created by authors.

Figure 12.7- Logit Model for Probability of Choosing the Heavier Object – By commons.wikimedia Licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Figure 12.8- Modal Split Model Structure Note. Figure created by Authors.

Last Step of Four Step Modeling (Trip Assignment Models)

Figure 13.1- Link Flow and Travel Time Relationship. Note. Figure created by authors.

Figure 13.2- Transportation Network. Note. Figure created by authors.

Figure 13.3- A Simple Two-Zone System with Cost Function. Figure created by authors.

Figure 13.4- A Two-Zone Network with Three Possible Routes. Figure created by authors.

Figure 13.5- Link Flow and Travel Time Relationship. Note. Figure created by authors.

Figure 13.6- The Feedback Loop between the Second and the Fourth Step. Note. Figure created by authors

Figure 13.7- A Simple Two-Zone Network with Three Links. Note. Figure created by authors.