Vocabulary
Anatomical Language
| Body Planes | Anatomical regions |
| Frontal (Coronal) | Cephalic |
| Transverse | Ocular |
| Sagittal | Auricular (Otic) |
| Buccal | |
| Directional terms | Nasal |
| Anterior (Ventral) | Oral |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | Axillary |
| Proximal | Cubital |
| Distal | Antecubital |
| Superior | Carpal (Carpus) |
| Inferior | Palmar |
| Lateral | Thoracic |
| Medial | Abdominal Umbilical |
| Deep | Lumbar |
| Superficial | Inguinal |
| Parietal | Pubic |
| Visceral | Gluteal |
| Patellar | |
| Abdominal regions | Popliteal |
| Right hypochondriac | Crural |
| Epigastric | Sural |
| Left hypochondriac | Tarsal (Tarsus) |
| Right lumbar | Pedal |
| Umbilical | Planter |
| Left lumbar | |
| Right iliac | |
| Hypogastric (Pelvic) | |
| Left iliac |
TISSUEs
| Basic tissue types | Connective tissues |
| Epithelial | Connective tissue cells: |
| Connective | Fibroblasts |
| Muscle | Macrophages |
| Nervous | Plasma cells |
| Mast cells | |
| Epithelial Tissues | Adipocytes |
| Classification of Epithelial tissue: | |
| *Based on arrangement of layers* | Connective tissue fibers: |
| Simple | Collagen fibers |
| Pseudostratified | Elastic fibers |
| Stratified | Reticular fibers |
| *Based on cell shapes* | Extracellular matrix: |
| Squamous | |
| Cuboidal | |
| Columnar | |
| *Based on function* | |
| Covering and lining | |
| Glandular | |
| Endocrine glands | |
| Exocrine glands | |
| Absorptive | |
| Transitional epithelium |
Bones and Bone Markings
| Classification of the bones | Axial skeleton skull |
| Long bone | Frontal bone |
| Short bone | Parietal bone |
| Flat bone | Temporal bone |
| Irregular bone | |
| Sesamoid bone | |
| Bone histology and formation | Occipital bone |
| Intramembranous ossification | |
| Endochondral ossification | Foramen Magnum |
| Osteoprogenitor cells | Ethmoid bone |
| Osteoblasts | |
| Osteocytes | |
| Osteoclasts | |
| Spongy Bone | Sphenoid bone |
| Trabeculae | Sella turcica |
| Compact bone | Zygomatic bone |
| Osteon | Mandible |
| Lamellae | Maxilla |
| Lacunae | Palatine bone |
| Nasal bone | |
| Parts of the bone | Vomer |
| Epiphysis | Lacrimal bone |
| Metaphysis | Hyoid bone |
| Epiphyseal Line/ Plate | |
| Articular cartilage | |
| Periosteum | |
| Endosteum | |
| Medullary cavity (marrow cavity) | |
| Red bone marrow | |
| Yellow bone marrow |
| Special features of the skull | |
| Zygomatic arch | Thoracic Cage |
| Zygomatic process of temporal bone | Sternum |
| Temporal process of zygomatic bone | Ribs |
| Sutures | |
| Coronal sutures | Clavicle |
| Sagittal sutures | |
| Scapula | |
| Vertebral column | Acromion |
| *Parts of the typical vertebra* | Glenoid cavity |
| Body of the vertebrae | Coracoid process |
| Vertebral foramen | Supraspinous fossa |
| Lamina | Infraspinous fossa |
| Spinous process | Humerus |
| Transverse process | Head |
| Trochlea | |
| Regions of the vertebral column | Capitulum |
| Cervical region (recognize atlas and axis vertebral) | Medial epicondyle |
| Transverse foramen (in cervical vertebrae only) | Lateral epicondyle |
| Atlas (C1) | Coronoid fossa |
| Axis (C2) | Olecranon fossa |
| Dens of axis | |
| Thoracic region | |
| Lumbar region | |
| Sacrum | |
| Coccyx | |
| Intervertebral foramen | |
| Intervertebral disc |
| Ulna | Femur |
| Olecranon (Olecranon process) | Head of femur |
| Coronoid process | Neck of femur |
| Trochlear notch | Greater trochanter |
| Head | Lesser trochanter |
| Lateral condyle | |
| Radius | Medial condyle |
| Head | |
| Styloid process | Patella |
| Carpals | Tibia |
| Metacarpals | Medial malleolus |
| Phalanges | |
| Fibula | |
| Hip bones | Head |
| Ilium | Lateral malleolus |
| Ischium | Tarsals |
| Metatarsals | |
| Pubic arch | Phalanges |
| Pubic symphysis | |
| Acetabulum | Blood Supply |
| Periosteal arteries/veins | |
| Nutrient artery/veins |
SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NERVES
| Coverings of the spinal cord | External anatomy of the spinal cord |
| Vertebral column | Anterior (ventral) median fissure |
| Spinal meninges | Posterior (dorsal) median sulcus |
| Dura mater | |
| Arachnoid mater | Cross section of the spinal cord |
| Subarachnoid space | Grey matter |
| Pia mater | Posterior (dorsal) gray horn |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Anterior (ventral) gray horn |
| Epidural space | Lateral gray horn |
| White matter | |
| Spinal cord | Posterior (dorsal) white columns |
| Spinal cord segments | Lateral white columns |
| Cervical segments | Anterior (ventral) white columns |
| Thoracic segment | Central canal |
| Lumbar segment: | |
| Sacral segment | |
| Cervical enlargement | |
| Lumbar enlargement | |
| Conus medullaris | |
| Filum terminale | |
| Cauda equina |
| Plexuses and peripheral nerves | Spinal nerves |
| Cervical plexus | Anterior (ventral) root |
| C1-C5 | Posterior (dorsal) root |
| Phrenic nerve | Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion |
| Brachial Plexus | Spinal nerve |
| C5-C8, T1 | Rami communicantes |
| Median nerve | |
| Radial nerve | Number of spinal nerves |
| Ulnar nerve | Cervical nerves (8) |
| Lumbar plexus | Thoracic nerves (12) |
| L1-L4 | Lumbar nerves (5) |
| Sacral plexus | Sacral nerves (5) |
| L4-L5, S1-S4 | Coccygeal nerves (1) |
| Sciatic nerve | |
| Tibial nerve | |
| Common fibular nerve | |
| Dermatomes |
Brain and Cranial Nerves
| Nervous system divisions | Brain Anatomy |
| Central nervous system | Cerebrum |
| Peripheral nervous system | Frontal lobe |
| Somatic nervous system | Temporal lobe |
| Autonomic nervous system | Parietal lobe |
| Sympathetic | Occipital lobe |
| Parasympathetic | Insula |
| Corpus callosum | |
| Sensory = afferent | Basal Nuclei |
| Motor = efferent | |
| Limbic System | |
| Grey matter | Amygdala |
| White matter | Hippocampus |
| Gyrus pl. gyri | Cingulate gyrus |
| Central sulcus | |
| Cerebellum | |
| Meninges | Cerebellar hemispheres |
| Dura mater | Vermis |
| Folia | |
| Arbor vitae | |
| Falx cerebri | |
| Diencephalon | |
| Hypothalamus | |
| Arachnoid mater | Thalamus |
| Pia mater | Epithalamus |
| Pineal gland | |
| Ventricles | Pituitary gland |
| Lateral ventricles (2) | Infundibulum |
| Interventricular foramen | Medial eminence |
| Third ventricle | Brain stem |
| Cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of midbrain) | Medulla oblongata |
| Fourth ventricle | Pons |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Midbrain |
| Choroid plexuses | Cerebral peduncles |
| Tectum | |
| Corpora quadrigemina | |
| Superior and inferior colliculi | |
| Reticular formation |
| Cerebral Cortex Organization |
| Primary sensory cortex – postcentral gyrus |
| Primary motor cortex – precentral gyrus |
| Primary visual cortex – occipital lobe |
| Primary auditory cortex – temporal lobe |
| Broca’s speech area – for making speech |
| Wernicke’s area – for understanding speech |
| Cranial Nerves and their function |
| I. Olfactory – sensory |
| II. Optic- sensory |
| III. Occulomotor- motor + parasympathetic |
| IV. Trochlear- motor |
| V. Trigeminal – motor + sensory, mostly sensory |
| VI. Abducens- motor |
| VII. Facial – motor + sensory + parasympathetic, mostly motor |
| VIII. Vestibulocochlear (acoustic)- sensory |
| IX. Glossopharyngeal- motor + sensory + parasympathetic |
| X. Vagus- motor + sensory + parasympathetic, mostly parasympathetic |
| XI. Spinal accessory – motor |
| XII. Hypoglossal- motor |
Somatic Nervous System
| Sensation | Somatic motor pathways (to voluntary muscles) |
| Perception | 2-neuron pathway |
| Sensory modality | Sensory tracts |
| Medial-lateral rule | Posterior (dorsal) columns (fine touch and vibration) |
| First synapse in the medulla oblongata | |
| Somatic Sensory Pathways | Crosses to the other side in the medulla |
| First order neurons | Gracile fasciculus |
| Second order neurons | Cuneate fasciculus |
| Third order neurons | Spinothalamic tracts |
| First synapse in the spinal cord at the level of entry | |
| Dorsal root ganglion | Crosses to the other side at the level of entry |
| Posterior gray horns | Lateral spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature) |
| Thalamus | Anterior spinothalamic tract (crude touch) |
| Primary somatosensory area | Spinocerebellar tracts (unconscious) |
| Sensory homunculus | Posterior spinocerebellar tract |
| Anterior spinocerebellar tract | |
| Conscious motor tracts | |
| Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) | |
| Lateral corticospinal tract | |
| Anterior corticospinal tract | |
| Corticobulbar tracts | |
| Upper motor neurons | |
| Pyramidal cells in precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) | |
| Pyramids of medulla | |
| Decussation of pyramids (most fibers cross to the other side) | |
| 1st synapse in spinal cord at the level of exit | |
| Lower motor neurons | |
| Motor homunculus | |
| Internal capsule | |
| Subconscious motor tracts | |
| Rubrospinal tract | |
| Tectospinal tract | |
| Vestibulospinal tract | |
| Reticulospinal tract |
Autonomic Nervous System Word List
| Preganglionic neuron | Sympathetic division |
| Autonomic ganglion | Lateral horns T1 to L2 |
| Postganglionic neuron | Sympathetic ganglia |
| Preganglionic vs postganglionic fibers | Sympathetic trunk |
| Dual innervation | Prevertebral ganglia |
| Adrenal Medulla | |
| Autonomic Plexuses | |
| Cardiac plexus | Parasympathetic (cranio-sacral) division |
| Celiac (solar) plexus | Vagus nerve |
| Superior mesenteric plexus | Sacral parasympathetic neurons |
| Inferior mesenteric plexus | Parasympathetic ganglia in the walls of the target organs |
| Renal plexus | |
| Hypogastric plexus |
Special Senses
| Eyeball | Muscles of the eye | |
| Anterior cavity (has 2 chambers) | Superior rectus | |
| Aqueous humor | Inferior rectus | |
| Posterior cavity (not chamber! See powerpoint.) | Lateral rectus | |
| Vitreous humor | Medial rectus | |
| Lens | Superior oblique | |
| Fibrous Tunic | Inferior oblique | |
| Sclera | Palpabrae | |
| Cornea | Conjunctiva | |
| Vascular Tunic | Lacrimal glands | |
| Iris | Ear | |
| Pupil | External (outer) ear | |
| Ciliary bodies | Middle ear | |
| Choroid | Inner ear | |
| Neural Tunic | External ear | |
| Retina | Auricle | |
| Macula lutea | External auditory (acoustic) meatus (canal) | |
| Fovea centralis | Tympanic membrane | |
| Optic disc (blind spot) | Ceruminous glands | |
| Layers of the retina from outside of the eyeball to the inside) | Middle Ear | |
| Photoreceptors: Rods and Cones | Auditory ossicles | |
| Bipolar cells | Stapes | |
| Ganglion cells | Incus | |
| Axons form optic nerve (CN II) | Malleus | |
| Horizontal cells | Oval window | |
| Amacrine cells | Auditory (Eustachian) tube | |
| Inner ear- bony labyrinth | Olfaction | |
| Semicircular canals | Olfactory epithelium | |
| Vestibule | Olfactory receptor cells | |
| Cochlea | Olfactory nerve CN I | |
| Perilymph | Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone | |
| Olfactory foramina | ||
| Inner ear- membranous labyrinth | Olfactory bulb | |
| Semicircular canals | Olfactory tract | |
| Ampulla | ||
| Cupula | Taste | |
| Urticle | 5 primary tastes: sour, sweet, bitter, salt, umami | |
| Saccule | Taste buds | |
| Cochlea | Lingual papillae on the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis | |
| Endolymph | Filiform papillae | |
| Maculae | Fungiform papillae | |
| Otoliths | Circumvallate papillae | |
| Scala media | Innervated by | |
| Scala tympani | CN VII | |
| Organ of Corti | CN IX | |
| CN X | ||
Respiratory System Word List
| Upper respiratory system | Trachea and bronchial tree | |
| Nose | Tracheal cartilages | |
| Root | Carina | |
| Bridge | Primary (main) bronchi (L/R) | |
| Apex | Secondary (lobar) bronchi | |
| naris (narises) | Tertiary (segmental) bronchi | |
| Nasal Cavity | Bronchioles | |
| Nasal Conchae (superior, middle, inferior) | Terminal bronchioles | |
| Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, inferior) | Respiratory bronchioles | |
| Pharynx | Alveolar ducts | |
| Nasopharynx | Alveolar sacs | |
| Oropharynx | Alveoli | |
| Laryngopharynx | Type I Alveolar Cells | |
| Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) | Type II Alveolar Cells | |
| Surfactant | ||
| Lower respiratory system | ||
| Larynx | Lung external features | |
| Epiglottis | Superior Lobe | |
| Vocal cords | Inferior Lobe | |
| Glottis | Middle Lobe | |
| Larynx cartilages | Cardiac Notch | |
| Thyroid cartilage | Horizontal fissure | |
| Cricoid cartilage | Oblique fissure | |
| Cuneiform cartilage | Apex of lung | |
| Corniculate cartilage | Base of lung | |
| Arytenoid cartilage | Hilum | |
| Coverings of lungs | Muscles of Exhalation | |
| Parietal pleura | Internal Intercostal Muscles | |
| Visceral pleura | External oblique | |
| Pleural cavity | Internal oblique | |
| Transverse abdominis | ||
| Primary muscles of inhalation | Rectus abdominis | |
| Diaphragm | ||
| External intercostal muscles | Blood Supply to respiratory system | |
| Accessory Muscles of Inhalation | **Note the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation ** | |
| Scalenes | Systemic circulation | |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Bronchial arteries | |
| Coverings of lungs | Bronchial veins | |
| Parietal pleura | Pulmonary circulation | |
| Visceral pleura | Pulmonary trunk | |
| Pleural cavity | Pulmonary artery | |
| Pulmonary veins | ||
Blood Components
| Blood components | Thrombocytes (Platelets) |
| Blood plasma | Thrombopoiesis |
| Plasma proteins | Myeloid stem cell |
| Albumins | Megakaryocyte |
| Globulins | |
| Fibrinogen | Leukocytes (White blood cells) |
| Serum | Myeloid stem cell line |
| Formed elements | Granular leukocytes |
| Erythrocytes | Neutrophils |
| Leukocytes | Eosinophils |
| Platelets | Basophils |
| Agranular leukocytes | |
| Blood Cell Formation | Monocytes |
| Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis) | Macrophages |
| Red bone marrow | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Lymphoid stem cell line |
| Lymphocytes | |
| Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) | T cells |
| Erythropoiesis | B cells |
| Reticulocytes | Natural killer cells |
| Hemoglobin | |
| ABO blood group system | |
| Rh blood group system |
Blood Vessels
| Blood circuits | Types of blood vessels |
| Pulmonary circulation | **Know difference between arteries and veins** |
| Systemic circulation | Arteries |
| Coronary circulation | Elastic arteries (conducting arteries) |
| Hepatic portal circulation | Muscular arteries (distributing arteries) |
| Anastomoses (collateral arteries) | Arterioles (resistance vessels) |
| Arterio-arterial (2 or more arteries supplying blood to the same capillary bed) | Capillaries |
| Arterial-venous (bypassing capillary beds) | Continuous capillaries |
| Fenestrated capillaries | |
| Layers of blood vessel walls | Sinusoid capillaries |
| Tunica interna (intima) | Veins |
| Tunica media | Venules |
| Tunica externa (adventitia) | |
| Vasa vasorum |
| Major blood vessels of pulmonary circulation | Blood flow to the brain |
| Pulmonary trunk | Aorta |
| Pulmonary arteries | Right/left common carotid artery |
| Pulmonary capillaries | Right/left internal carotid arteries |
| Pulmonary veins | Vertebral arteries |
| Basilar artery | |
| Major arteries of systemic circulation | Circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle) |
| **Make note of the paired branches vs unpaired arteries and veins** | Left/Right middle cerebral arteries |
| Aorta | Left/Right ophthalmic arteries |
| Ascending aorta | |
| Arch of the Aorta | Arteries of the upper limbs |
| Descending aorta | Left/Right subclavian arteries (note the differences in their origins) |
| Brachiocephalic trunk | Left/Right axillary arteries |
| Common carotid artery | Left/Right brachial arteries |
| Internal carotid artery | Left/Right radial arteries |
| External carotid artery | Left/Right ulnar arteries |
| Carotid sinus | |
| Common iliac artery |
| Arteries of abdominal cavity | Veins of the upper limbs |
| Celiac trunk | Left/Right radial vein |
| Superior mesenteric artery | Left/Right ulnar vein |
| Inferior mesenteric artery | Left/Right median cubital vein |
| Left/Right brachial vein | |
| Arteries of the lower limbs | Left/Right axillary vein |
| Left/Right common iliac arteries | Left/Right cephalic vein |
| Left/Right femoral arteries | Left/Right subclavian vein |
| Left/Right popliteal arteries | Left/Right brachiocephalic veins |
| Left/Right anterior tibial arteries | Superior vena cava |
| Left/Right posterior tibial arteries | |
| Left/Right fibular (peroneal) arteries | Hepatic portal circulation |
| Hepatic artery | |
| Veins | Portal vein |
| Superior vena cava | Hepatic veins |
| Inferior vena cava | Veins of the lower limbs |
| Left/Right fibular (peroneal) veins | |
| Veins of the neck and head | Left/Right posterior tibial veins |
| Left/Right internal jugular | Left/Right anterior tibial veins |
| Left/Right external jugular | Left/Right popliteal veins |
| Left/Right subclavian vein | Left/Right great saphenous veins |
| Left/Right brachiocephalic veins | Left/Right femoral veins |
| Left/Right common iliac veins | |
| Inferior vena cava |
heart
| Cardiac muscle histology | Layers of the heart wall |
| Cardiac myocytes | Pericardium |
| Striated | |
| Mononucleated | |
| Intercalated discs | Visceral layer (a.k.a. epicardium) |
| Epicardium (same as visceral layer of pericardium) | |
| External features of the heart | Myocardium |
| Base | Endocardium |
| Apex | |
| Auricles | Internal heart anatomy |
| Coronary sulcus | Right/Left atria |
| Anterior interventricular sulcus | Pectinate muscles |
| Posterior interventricular sulcus | Interatrial septum |
| Foramen ovale | |
| Positioning of the heart | Right/Left ventricles |
| Mediastinum | Interventricular septum |
| Behind the sternum | Fibrous skeleton |
| Rotated to the left | |
| *Make sure you know what parts of the heart form anterior, posterior, inferior, right and left surfaces |
| Heart valves and associated structures | Coronary Circulation |
| Cusps (leaflets) | Left coronary artery |
| Right atrioventricular valve – tricuspid valve | Anterior interventricular branch |
| Left atrioventricular valve – bicuspid (mitral valve) | Circumflex branch |
| Chordae tendineae | Right coronary artery |
| Papillary muscles | Posterior interventricular branch |
| Pulmonary semilunar valve | Marginal branch |
| Aortic semilunar valve | |
| Great cardiac vein | |
| Cardiac conduction system | Middle cardiac vein |
| Sinoatrial (SA) node | Small cardiac vein |
| Atrioventricular (AV) node | Anterior cardiac veins |
| Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) | Coronary sinus |
| Left and right bundle branches | |
| Purkinje fibers |
Lymphatic System
| Main Four Elements of the System | Lymphatic organs |
| Lymph | Red bone marrow |
| Lymphocytes | Thymus |
| Lymphatic vessels | Lymph nodes |
| Lymphatic organs and tissues | Afferent lymphatic vessels |
| Efferent lymphatic vessels | |
| Lymphatic vessels and circulation | Spleen |
| Lymphatic capillaries | White pulp |
| Lacteals | Red pulp |
| Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) | |
| Lymph trunks | Lymphatic tissues |
| Intestinal trunk | Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) |
| Bronchomediastinal trunks | Aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer’s Patches) |
| Subclavian trunks | Tonsils |
| Jugular trunks | Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) |
| Palatine tonsils | |
| Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct) | Lingual tonsils |
| Right Lymphatic duct |
Digestive System
| Parts of the digestive tract (top-down) | Layers of the GI tract (from deep to superficial) |
| Oral cavity (mouth) | Mucosa (digestive epithelium) |
| Esophagus | Submucosa |
| Stomach | Muscularis |
| Duodenum | Serosa/adventitia |
| Liver | *Innervation of the gut * |
| Pancreas | Submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) |
| Gallbladder | Myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) |
| Jejunum | |
| Ileum | Peritoneum |
| Colon | Parietal layer |
| Cecum | Visceral layer |
| Appendix | Peritoneal cavity |
| Ascending colon | Greater omentum |
| Transverse colon | Lesser omentum |
| Descending colon | Mesentery |
| Sigmoid colon | Intraperitoneal organs |
| Rectum | Retroperitoneal organs |
| Anal canal | |
| Anus |
| Parts of digestive tract in detail | Teeth (denten) |
| Mouth | Crown |
| Buccal (oral) cavity | Neck |
| Lips (labia) | Root |
| Uvula | Enamel |
| Hard palate | Dentin |
| Soft palate | Pulp cavity |
| Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch |
Root canal |
| Tonsils | Apical foramen |
| Salivary Glands | Incisors |
| Parotid glands | Canines |
| Submandibular glands | Premolars (Bicuspids) |
| Sublingual glands | Molars (Tricuspids) |
| Saliva | |
| Tongue | Pharynx |
| Papillae | Deglutition (swallowing) |
| Fungiform papillae | Esophagus |
| Circumvallate (vallate) papillae | Lower esophageal sphincter (lower esophageal valve) (LES) |
| Filiform papillae | |
| Lingual frenulum |
| Stomach | Pancreas |
| Rugae | Pancreatic duct |
| Lesser curvature | Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) |
| Greater curvature | Sphincter of Oddi |
| Acini (exocrine cells) | |
| Fundus | Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) (endocrine cells) |
| Body | |
| Pylorus | Liver |
| Pyloric sphincter | Right lobe |
| Left lobe | |
| Mucosa of the stomach | Quadrate lobe |
| Gastric glands | Caudate lobe |
| Gastric pits | Hepatocytes |
| Parietal cells | |
| Chief cells | |
| G cells |
| Bile ducts | Large intestine |
| Right and left hepatic duct | Teniae coli |
| Common hepatic duct | Haustra |
| Common bile duct | Appendix |
| Cecum | |
| Portal triad of liver lobules | Ileocecal sphincter (Ileocecal valve) |
| Hepatic artery | Colon |
| Hepatic portal vein | Ascending colon |
| Central vein | Transverse colon |
| Hepatic veins | Descending colon |
| Sigmoid colon | |
| Gallbladder | Rectum |
| Cystic duct | Anal canal |
| Anus | |
| Small intestine | |
| Circular folds (plicae circulares) | Blood supply of GI Tract |
| Villi | Sinusoid capillaries |
| Lacteals | |
| Duodenum | |
| Jejunum | |
| Ileum | |
| Ileocecal sphincter (ileocecal valve) |
URINARY
| Kidneys | Filtrate pathway (Nephron) |
| Ureters | Cortical nephron |
| Urinary bladder | Juxtamedullary nephron |
| Urethra | Renal corpuscle |
| Kidney | |
| Fibrous capsule | |
| Perinephric fat | Afferent arteriole |
| Renal fascia | Efferent arteriole |
| Renal cortex | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| Renal medulla | Nephron loop (Loop of Henle) |
| Renal pyramids | |
| Renal papilla | |
| Renal columns | Distal convoluted tubule |
| Renal sinus | Collecting duct |
| Minor calyx | Papillary duct |
| Major calyx | |
| Renal pelvis | |
| Renal hilum | |
| Renal artery | |
| Renal vein |
| Urinary bladder |
| Detrusor muscle |
| Trigone |
| Internal urethral sphincter |
| External urethral sphincter |
| Blood flow through kidney |
| Renal artery |
| Segmental arteries |
| Interlobar arteries |
| Arcuate arteries |
| Cortical radiate arteries |
| Afferent arterioles |
| Glomerular capillaries |
| Efferent arteriole |
| Peritubular/vasa recta capillaries |
| Interlobular veins |
| Arcuate veins |
| Interlobar veins |
| Renal vein |
| Inferior vena cava |
muscular system
| Muscle cell (Myofibers) | Muscles of the head and neck |
| Sarcolemma | Mouth movement: |
| Sarcoplasm | Orbicularis oris |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | Zygomaticus major and minor |
| Risorius | |
| Connective tissues of the muscle | Mentalis |
| Endomysium | Depressor labii inferioris |
| Perimysium | Depressor anguli oris |
| Epimysium | Levator anguli oris |
| Muscle fascicles | Buccinator |
| Tendons | Depressor labii superioris |
| Aponeuroses | |
| Eye movement: | |
| Organization of fascicles | Corrugator supercilii |
| Parallel muscle fibers | Levator palpebrae superioris |
| Triangular muscle fibers | Orbicularis oculi |
| Pennate muscle fibers | |
| Unipennate muscle fibers | |
| Bipennate muscle fibers | |
| Multipennate muscle fibers | |
| Circular muscle fibers |
| Muscles of the eyes and their action |
| Superior rectus- moves eyeballs superiorly (elevation) and medially (adduction), and rotates them medially (intorsion) |
| Superior oblique- moves eyeballs inferiorly (depression) and laterally (abduction), and rotates them medially (intorsion) |
| Levator palpebrae superioris- elevates upper eyelids (opens eyes) |
| Inferior oblique- moves eyeballs superiorly (elevation) and laterally (abduction) and rotates them laterally (extorsion) |
| Inferior rectus- moves eyeballs inferiorly (depression) and medially (adduction), and rotates them laterally (extorsion) |
| Lateral rectus- moves eyeballs laterally (abduction) |
| Medial rectus- moves eyeballs medially (adduction) |
| Muscles of respiration | Rotator Cuff Muscle (SITS) | |
| External intercostals | Supraspinatus* | |
| Diaphragm | Infraspinatus* | |
| Scalenes* | Teres minor* | |
| Sternocleidomastoid* | Subscapularis* | |
| Internal intercostals | Teres major* | |
| Rectus abdominis | Coracobrachialis | |
| Internal oblique | ||
| External oblique | Muscles of upper limb | |
| Transverse abdominis | Deltoid | |
| Biceps Brachii (long and short head) | ||
| Triceps Brachii (medial, lateral, and long head) | ||
| Brachialis | ||
| Brachioradialis | ||
Joints and Articulations
| Joints (Arthroses) | Classification of joints based on range of motion |
| Fibrous joints | Synarthrosis |
| Sutures | Amphiarthrosis |
| Syndesmoses | Diarthroses |
| Gomphosis | |
| Interosseous membranes | |
| Cartilaginous joints | Classification based on mechanics of movement |
| Synchondroses | Plane joints |
| Symphyses | Hinge joints |
| Pubic symphysis | Pivot joints |
| Epiphyseal cartilages | |
| Intervertebral articulations and ligaments | |
| Synovial joints | Intervertebral discs |
| Synovial cavity | Nucleus pulposus |
| Synovial membrane | Anulus fibrosus |
| Synovial fluid | Supraspinous ligament |
| Articular cartilage | Interspinous ligament |
| Articular capsule (joint capsule) | Anterior longitudinal ligament |
| Accessory structures | Posterior longitudinal ligament |
| Ligaments | |
| Tendons | |
| Bursae | |
| Tendon sheaths | |
| Menisci |
Integumentary System
| Skin (Cutaneous membrane) | Cells of epidermis |
| Epidermis | Keratinocytes |
| Dermis | Melanocytes |
| Hypodermis- Subcutaneous (subQ) layer | Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells) |
| Thin (hairy) skin | Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells) |
| Thick (hairless) skin | |
|
Pigmentation of skin |
|
| Melanin | Dermis |
| Eumelanin | Papillary region |
| Pheomelanin | Areolar tissue |
| Dermal papillae | |
| Layers of epidermis | Reticular region |
| Stratum basale (germinativum) | Tension lines (lines of cleavage) |
| Epidermal ridges | |
| Stratum germinativum | |
| Stratum spinosum | |
| Stratum granulosum | |
| Stratum lucidum | |
| Stratum corneum |
| Accessory structures of the skin | Nails |
| Hairs | Nail body (plate) |
| Shaft | Free edge |
| Hair follicle | Nail root |
| Hair matrix | Lunula |
| Papilla of the hair | Hyponychium |
| Bulb | Nail bed |
| Hair root plexus | Eponychium (cuticle) |
| Arrector pili muscle | Nail matrix |
| Skin Glands | |
| Sebaceous (oil) glands | |
| Sebum | |
| Sudoriferous (sweat) glands | |
| Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands | |
| Apocrine sweat glands | |
| Ceruminous glands | |
| Cerumen |
Endocrine System
| Hypothalamus | Thyroid Gland |
| “short” vs “long” axons | Left and right lateral lobes |
| Supraoptic nucleus | Isthmus |
| Paraventricular nucleus | Follicles |
| Follicular cells – cuboidal epithelium | |
| Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) | Thyroglobulin |
| Sella turcica of sphenoid bone | Parafollicular cells |
| Infundibulum | Parathyroid Glands |
| Medial eminence | Chief cells- PTH |
| Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis) | Oxyphils |
| Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) | |
| Pituicytes | Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands |
| Herring’s bodies | Adrenal cortex |
| Blood supply | |
| Hypophyseal portal circulation | Zona reticularis- gonadal steroids |
| Superior hypophyseal artery | Adrenal medulla |
| Fenestrated capillaries | Chromaffin cells- epinephrine |
| Hypophyseal veins | |
| Inferior hypophyseal artery |
| Pancreas | Other endocrine organs |
| Islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) | Thymus |
| Alpha cells- glucagon | Skin |
| Beta cells- insulin | Vitamin D |
| Delta cells- somatostatin | Kidneys |
| F cells- pancreatic peptide (PP) | Calcitriol |
| Acinar cells, acini (exocrine) | Testes |
| Interstitial cells- testosterone | |
| Pineal Gland | |
| Pinealocytes- melatonin | Ovaries |
| Calcifications | Follicular cells– estrogens |
