Step One: Summary and Documents

The first thing to do is get a general sense of the documents in the corpus. This prompts you to think numerically and make exact observations about length and word usage.

For instance, using the Summary and Documents tool, I discovered:

• This corpus has 11 documents (11 chapters) with 34,634 total words and 4,297 unique word forms. It’s organized id ascending order.
• Chapter 10 is the longest chapter with 12880 words.
• Chapter 6 is the shortest chapter with 1286 words.
• Most of the chapters have a word density in the mid-range of 30 percent. Chapter 6 has the highest (40%) and chapter 10 has the lowest (18%).

Step Two: Cirrus and Trends

Next, I take a general account of the most frequently used words using the cirrus or document terms tool. I used the “Cirrus” and “Trends” tool to make observations about the most frequently used words.

The word cloud provides a brief snapshot frequently used words by proportion, and also offers tabulations of those terms. The display creates an opportunity to consider aspects of a document from a distinct visual and quantitative perspective.

For Douglass’s Narrative, we immediately see at least five prominent words “Mr” (169), “slaves” (124), “master” (123), “slave” (116), and “time” (114).  Hovering over the words reveal those numbers of mentions.  Other words such as “slavery,” “covey,” “old,” “new,” “said,” “went,” and “work” are also frequently recurring words that appear over fifty times.

The trends tool is the distribution of a word’s occurrence across a corpus or document. The chart displays the frequency of the term in relation to how it’s used across the entire corpus. The use of the word “Mr” is especially pronounced in chapter 4. It falls considerably but rises again in chapters 9 and 10.  The word “master” is used throughout the narrative, sometimes, minimally, until makes a notable peak in chapter 8 and 9.

Step Three: Terms 

I used the terms tools to identify collocates. Collocates are ****.

This will help me understand how Douglass uses words to narrate stories.

Words like “Mr” and “Slave” stand out to me. Mr is often times you as a sign to denotre respect. Slave or slaves is used to identify people during a heinous part of American history. Douglass talks about enslaved people with such compassion throughout this narrative. That led me to think more about how he uses the word “Mr.” The irony is that he usually uses the word “slave” to talk compassionately about enslaved people. He usually uses the word “mr” to refer to a slave owner or overseer.

Switching to the “Terms” interface and clicking the “+” sign next to the word “Mr” reveals more information about how the word is used in context. “mr covey” represents four of the top five phrase. After extending it to 10 top phrase, “mr covey” appeared in seven out of ten confirming his importance throughout the narrative.

Step Four: Context

To gain more insight, I used the “context” tool to search for instances of “covey” used in the narrative. In chapter 5, Douglass describes Mr. Covey as “a poor man” and “a farm renter.” Douglass noted that Covey “had acquired a very high reputation for breaking young slaves.” The Narrative extended Covey’s infamous reputation.

The term “Covey” (61) is among the most frequently mentioned words in Douglass’s book as the eighth most frequently used term (not including pronouns). In fact, the term “Covey” is mentioned 5 times in Chapter 9 and 56 times in Chapter 10 – the longest chapter of the Narrative. As a result, Covey is by far the most discussed subject in the chapter.

I used the “Links” visualization tool to explore networks between frequently used words. I began by looking at the top five words.

I clicked on the word “mr” and watched the network expand to include “covey,” “Hopkins,” “ruggles,” “johnson,” “hugh,” “Hamilton,” “Thomas,” and “freeland.” All of these names refer to principle characters and alert us to how Douglass narrates his story.

Next I clicked on the word “slaves.” The words “boast,” “plantation,” “ability,” “farms,” “colonel,” “emancipate,” “escape,” and “home,” appear. These words talk about the slaves, black people, as property and connects them to specific places such as “plantations” and “farms.”

I typed the word “time” into the search to reveal the words connected with it (“spent,” “hire,” and “spring”). These words suggest that Douglass equates time with money especially in terms of how he rents his labor out to make money in the Narrative.

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I added the word “slave” and the words “children,” “life,” and “whip,” appeared. I was interested in the word “whip” since it had not been among the most frequently used words. I clicked on it. The words “covey” and “cowskin” popped out. These words relate to how the brutality Douglass experienced while in slavery.

Another way to visualize the narrative is by using “TermsBerry.”

I hovered over the words “slave” and “slaves” Even though the words are very similar and refer to the same thing, I realized that the words are used in different contexts. There are many more words associated with “slaves” in comparison to “slave.” While there is considerable overlap, this leads me to consider in what ways does Douglass use these two terms.

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I also hovered over the words “whip” as well as “whipped.”  The word “whip” was associated with “covey,” “colonel,” “slave,” and “slaves.” A notable distinction about “whipped” is that it’s also associated with “death.”

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I also looked at the word “read.” Douglass’s Narrative features his pursuits to become literate. The word “read” is a useful word to consider. I also added the word “write.” I noticed a connection between “read” and “write.”

I used Bubblelines to identify which chapters Douglass discusses his pursuits of literacy the most. As he matured, Douglass learned that literacy was the “white man’s power to enslave the black man” after hearing his former master Mr. Auld say that learning to read would spoil the young Douglass and “forever unfit him to be a slave.”

I decided to focus on three key terms “read,” “write,” and “learn.” These three words are signifiers that alert readers that Douglass is referencing his pursuits of literary. I entered the three words in the text box (note, I placed an asterisk next to each word so I could focus on the root word instead of a specific term).

The results indicate the majority of Douglass’s literacy pursuits occurred after chapter 6. And writing in particular, appears primarily in chapter 7.

I used Dreamscape to take account of specific places mentioned across Douglass’s narrative.

A primary weakness of Dreamscape is that current tools for automatically identifying locations in texts usually produce a significant number of errors, tagging locations that aren’t a location (false positive) and not tagging locations that are a location (false negative). Language is messy and the computer doesn’t understand its meaning.

For example, Dreamscape picks up the name “Fairbanks” and plots it in Alaska. In actuality, this term refers to a person “Wright Fairbanks.” I found this out after clicking “View occurrence.” I removed the term by clicking the dot and selecting “Remove Location.”

In another instance, the word “Delaware” is associated with a town in Ohio. This again throws off the reading of Douglass’s narrative slightly. When I clicked on the location and chose “Select Alternative Location,” it read, “No alternative location found.” So, I chose to remove it from the map as well. I also removed the removed the “Virginia” reference from the map since Douglass only mentions the word once when it’s referenced in a song.

I selected the “Easton” referenced made that is connected to Rhode Island, and clicked “Select Alternative Location.” I selected the location that is in Maryland in order to align with Douglass’s narrative. The end result provided me with a map that plotted crucial locations in Douglass’s narrative.

Even though this map isn’t perfect, it offers an overview of the various locales that are mentioned in the text. This allows us to see the range of space that Douglass covered in his escape from slavery in the South to freedom in the north.

By Kenton Rambsy

This chapter was adapted from “Voyant Tools’s Tutorial/Workshop” page.